Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York
Professor and Chair, Department of Radiation Oncology Sandra and Edward Meyer Professor of Cancer Research Radiation Oncologist in Chief Associate Director of Translational Research, Meyer Cancer Center Professor, Department of Medicine
Identifying ways to improve immunotherapy responses so that more patients can benefit from this promising treatment.
Immunotherapy stimulates a person’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells and is a promising treatment for breast cancer. However, some tumors can evade immune attack. Checkpoint inhibitors (CPI), a type of immunotherapy, work by preventing tumor cells from evading a patient’s immune response. While CPI drugs are approved for treatment of various types of cancers, including some breast cancers, their effectiveness in breast cancer has been disappointing overall. Drs. Formenti and Demaria are investigating ways to improve response to immunotherapies by combining it with radiation treatment. Their research has shown that radiation therapy has the potential to convert a nonresponsive (immunogenically cold) tumor into a responsive (immunogenically hot) one. Their work will provide a critical step towards developing precision radiotherapy, facilitating its use in combination with immunotherapy as a successful and durable treatment approach for breast cancer patients.
Drs. Formenti and Demaria have shown that radiotherapy not only kills tumor cells but also recruits the immune system to fight cancer. And they identified several genes that are significantly upregulated by radiation and serve important roles in the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and immune cells. Studies are underway to further explore their functions. Recently, they discovered that radiation therapy induces alterations in how breast cancer cells process specific biomolecules which results in activation of signaling pathways that are also activated by viruses. This suggests that radiation engages viral sensors that then mediate activation of the immune system against the tumor. Others have shown that some commonly mutated genes in breast cancer cells suppress the expression of such viral sensors. The team will pursue the implications of these observations and leverage their 3D models to do this.
Drs. Formenti and Demaria will continue to examine how the molecular subtype of breast cancer affects the ability of radiation therapy to induce the immune signals required for an anti-tumor response. Studies are underway to examine the previously identified genes and their role in tumor and immune cell crosstalk. In addition, they will continue to exploit the novel models they have developed in laboratory studies to define ways to monitor an immunogenic response to tumor irradiation, investigate what mutations modulate the ability of radiation therapy to increase breast cancer immunogenicity, and identify ways to improve the ability of radiation to make breast cancer more immunogenic.
Dr. Silvia C. Formenti, an international expert in the use of radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer, is Chair of the newly established Department of Radiation Oncology at Weill Cornell Medical College and Radiation Oncologist-in-Chief at New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center. A prolific researcher, she has published over 180 papers recognized by high impact journals like the Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of Clinical Oncology, Lancet Oncology, Science and others.
During the past twelve years, Dr. Formenti has introduced a paradigm shift in radiation biology, by elucidating the role of ionizing radiation on the immune system, and demonstrating efficacy of combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy in solid tumors. She has translated her preclinical work to clinical trials in metastatic breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma. She has introduced the concept of recovering an immunological equilibrium in metastatic disease, by converting a metastasis into an in situ, individualized vaccine. In the presence of immune checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4 , anti-PDL-1) the irradiated tumor becomes an immunogenic hub, similar to a vaccine. Once immunized against one site, the host develops an anti-tumor immune response capable to reject the other metastases. In some patients with metastatic disease refractory to standard treatment the combination of local radiation and immune checkpoint blockade has resulted in durable complete remissions, sustained for years after treatment. Her work has opened a new field of application for radiotherapy, whereby localized radiation can be used as an adjuvant to immunotherapy of solid tumors and lymphomas.
2002
The Play for P.I.N.K. Award
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